Infections can contribute to the development of cholecystitis. The following are some infections that can cause or be associated with cholecystitis:
- Bacterial infection: Bacterial infections are a common cause of acute cholecystitis. The most common bacteria involved are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterococcus species, and Streptococcus species. These bacteria can enter the gallbladder through the bile ducts, leading to infection and inflammation.
- Ascending cholangitis: Ascending cholangitis is an infection of the bile ducts that can extend to the gallbladder, causing cholecystitis. It typically occurs due to a blockage or obstruction in the bile ducts, which allows bacteria from the intestines to travel backward and infect the bile ducts and gallbladder. The common bacteria involved in ascending cholangitis include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Enterococcus species.
- Viral infections: Although less common, viral infections can also contribute to cholecystitis. Viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and hepatitis viruses (such as hepatitis A, B, and C) have been associated with cholecystitis in certain cases. Viral infections can cause inflammation and damage to the gallbladder.
- Parasitic infections: Parasitic infections, particularly those caused by parasites that affect the biliary system, can lead to cholecystitis. For example, infection with the parasite Giardia lamblia can cause inflammation of the gallbladder, known as giardiasis-associated cholecystitis.
It’s important to note that while infections can contribute to cholecystitis, the majority of cases are caused by gallstones and subsequent blockage of the cystic duct. Infections are more likely to occur in cases of acute cholecystitis with complications, such as abscess formation or gangrenous cholecystitis. Proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying infection, along with management of the gallbladder condition, are important in cases where infection is present.